tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72846077223757110092024-03-08T00:10:47.632-08:00bisa bisa bisa!!!Shofiyyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08027778652066387861noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7284607722375711009.post-70110849470888487202012-06-18T05:15:00.000-07:002012-06-18T05:15:11.967-07:00Pembuatan Nitrobenzena<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
<o:rules v:ext="edit">
<o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1026"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule2" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1028"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule3" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1027"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule4" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1029"/>
</o:rules>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JUDUL PERCOBAAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Nitrobenzena</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN
PERCOBAAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
akhir percobaan ini diharapkan mahir mengenai hal-hal berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
penyusunan dan penggunaan alat yang diperlukan dalam pembuatan senyawa organic
yang berwujud cair seperti refluks, ekstraksi pelarut, penggunaan corong pisah,
pengeringan, penyaringan, dan destilasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asas-asas subtitusi
elektrofifik aromatic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
yang khas antara reaksi senyawa aromatic dan aliphatic. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa
aromatic adalah senyawa yang mengandung orbital delokal yang berbentuk cincin. Banyaknya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>π electron yang terlibat dalam orbital
delokal harus tunduk pada rumus : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">π
electron = 4n + 2, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>n= 0, 1,2,3,….<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Rasyid,2006:86).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
teori struktur lewis , benzene dituliskan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
atom C terletak dalam satu bidang. Semua atom C mempunyai orbital p yang tegak
lurus pada bidang.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hal ini terjadi
karena atom C dalam bentuk hibrida sp<sup>2</sup> .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sejalan dengan konsep ikatan delokal maka
benzene mempunyai orbital delokal yang berbentuk cincin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Banyak π electron adalah 6. Hal ini berarti
bahwa system delokal benzene adalah aromatic karena mengikuti rumus (4n+2)
untuk n=1 (Rasyid,2006:86). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
sifat kimia antara struktur aromatic dengan struktur konjugasi rangkaian
terbuka terlihat dari reaksinya terhadap halogen. System aromatic mengadakan
reaksi subtitusi sedangkan system konjugasi rantai terbuka mengadakan reaksi
adisi (Rasyid,2006:91).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut
ini adalah beberapa reaksi subtitusi yang diatas pada benzene yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Brominasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Klorinasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>alkilasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nitrasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sulfonasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asilasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kebanyakan dari reaksi ini dilaksanakan pada suhu diantara 0</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;">dan 50</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kondisi dapat lebih lembut atau lebih keras
jika sudah ada subtituen lain cincin benzena. Demikian juga, kondisi biasanya
disesuaikan apakah suhu lebih subtituen yang ingin disubtituenkan
(Hart,3003:134).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Benzena direaksikan dengan campuran antara asam nitrat pekat
dan asam sulfur pekat pada suhu kurang dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;">50</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;">. Selagi suhu terendam.
Kemungkinan mendapatkan –NO<sub>2</sub>, tersubtitusi ke cincin bertambah. Dan
terbentuklah nitrobenzen : </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> + HNO<sub>3</sub> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Atau :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Asam sulfat pekat bereaksi sebagai katalisator. Yang
merupakan elektrofil disini adalah ion natrium atau kation nitril, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>
yang terbentuk dari reaksi asam nitrat atau asam sulfur.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">HNO<sub>3</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>NO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> + 2H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>
+ H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Mekanisme reaksi subtitusi elektrofilik :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Tahap pertama :</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tahap kedua : </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi subtitusi
elektrofilik diakibatkan olehion positif karena electron yang teroksidasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ter-exposed dibagian atas dan dibagian bawah
dari bidang planar tempat molekul karbon berada, benzene menjadi sangat
tertarik pada elektrofil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(atom/molekul
yang mencari daerah yang kaya akan elekton pada molekul yang lain). Elektrofil
bisa merupakan ion positif, atau bagian yang memiliki polaritas positif pada
sebuah molekul. </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Elektrofil bisa
merupakan ion positif , yaitu bagian yang memiliki polaritas positif pada
sebuah molekul. Electron yang terdelokasi pada bagian atas dan bawah pada
molekul eten. Namun hasilnya tidaklah sama. Jika benzene mengalami reaksi adisi
sama seperti eten sebagian dari electron yang terdelokalisasi harus berkaitan
dengan atom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau grup yang baru.
Sehingga delokalisasi akan terputus dan ini membutuhkan energy.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebaliknya
delokalisasi akan bisa tetap dipertahankan jika aton hydrogen digantikan dengan
sesuatu yang lain ( reaksi subtitusi). Satom hydrogen tidak memiliki hubungan
dengan delokalisasi. Pada kebanyakan reaksi dengan benzene, elektrofil ion
pesitif dan reaksi ini memiliki suatu pola general (Anonim,2004). </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apabila toluene
disenyawakan dengan asam nitrat diketahui bahwa NO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>
menyerang sebagian besar daripada posisi orto dan para, sebaliknya hanya
sedikit yang menyerang pada posisi meta (Rasyid,2006:96).<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reaksinya adalah : </b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut Riswiyanto (2009). Bebeapa ciri reaksi cincin benzene adalah
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mempunyai rumus molekul <sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6 </sub>dan hanya
menghasilkan satu produk dari monosubtitusi;</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hanya memberi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tiga isomer dari produk yang disubtitusi;</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cenderung mengalami reaksi subtitusi daripada
reaksi adisi.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memenuhi aturan Huckel (
4n+2=π);</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berdasarkan panas hidrogennya
benzene lebih stabil daripada sikloheksena. Panas hidrogennya adalah jumlah
panas yang dihasilkan bila satu mol molekul senyawa tidak jenuh dihirdogenasi. </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">Nitrasi adalah salah satu contoh dari
reaksi subtitusi elektrofilik aromatic. Dalam reaksi ini suatu gugus fungsi
terikat secara langsung pada cincin aromatic yakni gugus nitro (NO<sub>2</sub>).
Nitrasi dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan HNO<sub>3</sub> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pekat dan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> pekat.
Atau larutan HNO<sub>3</sub> dalam suasana asam asetat glacial. Pemilihn suatu
nitrasi bergantung pada reaktifan senyawa yang akan dinitrasi dan kelarutannya
dalam mediun penitrasi. Dalam percobaan ini nitrasi benzene dilakukan dengan
menggunakan campuran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HNO<sub>3</sub>
pekat dan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> pekat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada suhu 50-60</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -17.5pt; position: relative; top: 17.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Penuntun praktikum kimia organic
1,2012:11-12).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METODE</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Labu bundar 500 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondensor spiral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbat karet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corong pisah 500 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas kimia 1000 ml,
100 ml, dan 500 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thermometer 300</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Gelas ukur 25ml</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Labu semprot</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Corong biasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Pembakar Bunsen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Kaki tiga dan kasa
asbes</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Bahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Benzena (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Asam nitro pekat (HNO<sub>3</sub>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Asam sulfat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pekat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CACL<sub>2</sub>
anhidrat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan natrium
Hidroksida 5% (NaOH)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Es batu atau air (H<sub>2</sub>O)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
Kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan 4ml air (H<sub>2</sub>O)
kedalam labu bundar 500ml;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencampurkan 25ml HNO<sub>3</sub>
dengan 30ml H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> pekat;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan campuran
tersebut kedalam labu bundar yang telah berisi 4ml air (H<sub>2</sub>O), sambil
dikocok;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahkan 27ml
benzene sedikit demi sedikit sambil dikocok dengan kuat, jika campuran panas
maka didinginkan dibawah pancuran air suhu 50-60</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Merefluks dengan
menggunakan pembakar spiritus selama 40menit sambil sekali dikocok;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mensinginkan campuran
sampai suhu kamar;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan kedalam
corong pisah yang telah berisi 25ml air es;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memasukkan nitrobenzene dari lapisan air dan
dicuci berturut-turut dengan 25ml larutan air, NaOH 5% dan air;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memisahkan nitrobenzene
yang telah dicuci dan memasukkan kedalam Erlenmeyer yang berisi CaCL<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anhidrat;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengocok
campuran hingga kekeruhan hilang dan menyaring campuran tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL
PENGAMATAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengisi
labu bundar dengan 4ml air, 25 ml HNO<sub>3</sub> , dan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
30ml maka perubahan suhu menjadi panas (larutan panas). Lalu menambahkan
benzene 27ml hingga terbentuk 2 lapisan , pada lapisan atas kuning pekat dan
lapisan bawah kuning muda (panas).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Setelah itu merefluks selama 40 menit terjadi perubahan lapisan warna,
pada lapisan atas orange dan lapisan bawah kuning. Memasukkan hasil refluks
kedalam corong pisah yang berisi 250ml air es sehingga terbentuk dua lapisan ,
lapisan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atas berwarna kuning keruh dan
lapisan bawah berwaena kuning pekat. Selanjutnya mencuci pada lapisan bawah
dengan air (H<sub>2</sub>O) 25ml maka terbentuk lagi 2 lapisan , pada lapisan
atas berwarna kuning jernih dan lapisan bawah berwarna kuning keruh. Kemudian mencuci
lapisan bawah dengan NaOH 5% dicorong pisah sehingga terbentuk lagi dua lapisan
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>, lapisan atas kuning jernih dan lapisan
bawah kuning keruh. Setelah itu mencuci lapisan bawah dengan air(H<sub>2</sub>O)
25ml maka terbentuk dua lapisan, lapisan atas kuning jernih dan lapisan bawah
kuning keruh. Kemudian mengeringkan dengan CaCL<sub>2</sub> 10gram anhidrat ke
Erlenmeyer , sehingga terbentuk lapisan yang agak kental , selanjutnya
menyaring dengan menggukanan kertas saring, dan menghasilkan larutan yang
berwarna kuning keruh, selanjutnya menyaring lagi dengan menggukanan kertas
saring dan menghasilkan larutan yang berwarna kuning jernih dengan volume 7 ml.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISIS
DATA</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diketahui :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ρ C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 0,88 gr/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ρ HNO<sub>3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>: 1,51 gr/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ρ C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 1,21 gr/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 78 gr/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr HNO<sub>3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>: 63 gr/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mr C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 123 gr/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 27 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V HNO<sub>3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>: 25 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 7 ml </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditanyakan :<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>% Rendemen = . . . . ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>V x ρ</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
27 ml x o,88 gr/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 23,76 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
HNO<sub>3</sub>= V x ρ</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= 25 ml x 1,51
gr/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= 37,35 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mol
C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -10.5pt; position: relative; top: 10.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= 0,30 mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mol HNO<sub>3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -10.5pt; position: relative; top: 10.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 0,60 mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6
</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HNO<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>H2SO4</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> = 0,30<sub>mol</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,60<sub>
mol</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bereaksi = 0,30<sub>
mol</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,30<sub> mol</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,30<sub> mol</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>0,30<sub> mol</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhir<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> = </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,30<sub> mol<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>0,30<sub>
mol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>0,30<sub> mol</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa Teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Mol x Mr</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,30 mol x 123 gr/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 36,9 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa praktek C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>= V x ρ</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 7 ml x 1,2 gr/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 8,4 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">% Rendemen <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -10.5pt; position: relative; top: 10.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x
100 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 120.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 22,76 %</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
nitrobenzene dilakukan dengan penambahan air (H<sub>2</sub>O ) dengan larutan
HNO<sub>3 </sub>pekat. Penambaha air dilakukan untuk mencapai penitrasian yang
lunak. HNO<sub>3</sub> digunakan dalam percobaan karena yang akan dibuat
nitrobenzene dimana HNO<sub>3</sub> pekat ini digunakan sebagai penitrasi atau
sebagai bahan untuk membentuk ion natrium (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>) yang
akan diginakan sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>elektrofil dalam
pembentukan senyawa benzene (nitrobenzene). Setelah penambahan HNO<sub>3 </sub>,
campuran larutan ditambahkan larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> pekat, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
berperan sebagai katalis yang mempercepat hasil reaksi tetapi akan terbentuk
kembali pada akhir reaksi campuran setelah dikocok , labu akan terasa panas.
Adapun reaksi yang terjadi dari penambahan HNO<sub>3</sub> pekat dan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4
</sub>pekat yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HNO<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>+</sup>NO<sub>2</sub>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
campuran dikocok , sedikit demi sedikit benzene 27 ml dimasukkan ke dalam
campuran tersebut. Penambahan sedikit demi sedikit ini agar menghindari
terjadinya kenaikan entalpi yang tinggi pada reaksi pembentukan nitrobenzene
tersebut. Pada penambahan benzene, campuran harus dikocok kuat-kuat karena
benzene hanya sedikit larut dalam air. Suhu campuran tersebut harus dijaga pada
suhu 50-60</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehingga pengocokan dilakukan dibawah pancuran
air untuk menghindari penitrasi lebih lanjut. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Adapun mekanisme reaksi pembentukan nitrobenzene yaitu : </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Setelah
benzene telah habis bereaksi, larutan kemudian direfluks selama 40 menit agar
nitrobenzene lebih terbentuk sempurna atau murni. Larutan direfluks agar reaksi
dapat berlangsung sempurna dan reaksi mudah terjadi pada suhu tinggi dan
setelah direfluks, campuran dimasukkan kedalam corong pisah yang telah berisi
air es. Air es es berfungsi memudahkan pada saat campuran dimasukkan kedalam
corong pisah yang berisi air es , mula-mula tidak terdapat lapisan dan setelah
air dingin lagi, pada corong pisah terbentuk dua lapisan , lapisan bawah adalah
nitrobenzene yang berwarna kuning pekat dan pada lapisan bawah berwarna kuning
keruh yang merupakan campuran air dan beberapa bahan-bahan lain yang mempunyai
berat jenis lebih kecil dari nitrobenzene. Kemudian dicuci berturut-turut
dengan (H<sub>2</sub>O) air , larutan NaOH, dan air. Pada pencucian dengan air,
terbentuk dua lapisan, pada lapisa atas berwarna kuning jernih dan pada larutan
bawah berwarna kuning keruh. Pencucian ini agar melarutkan zat-zat hasil
pencucian atau untuk mencuci garam atau asam sulfat yang masih ada pada halide
saat pemisahsan. Kemudian pada penambahan NaOH 5% terbentuk dua warna pada
lapisan, pada lapisan bawah kuning keruh dan lapisan atas berwarna kuning
keruh. Lapisan atas berwrna kuning jernih merupakan zat-zat hasil reaksi NaOH
dengan asam sulfat sedangkan pada larutan yang kuning keruh merupakan nitribenzena.
Pencucian NaOH untuk menetralkan sisa-sisa asam yang masih terdapat dalam
campuran terbentuk natrium sulfat yang larut dalam air. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sesuai dengan reaksi :</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NaOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Setelah
itu dicuci lagi dengan air hingga terdapat dua lapisan , lapisan atas kuning
jernih dan lapisan bawah kuning keruh. Hal ini untuk mengurangi natrium sulfat
manjadi ion-ionnya. Setelah itu , lapisan nitrobenzene yang diperoleh
ditambahkan dengan 10 gram CaCL<sub>2</sub> yang berfungsi mengikat
molekul-molekul air yang kemungkinan ikut tertampung pada saat pemisahan
lapisan nitrobenzene pada corong pisah lalu di Erlenmeyer, dimana reaksinya
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">CaCL<sub>2 anhidrat</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>CaCL<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Kemudian campuran disaring dengan corong biasa yang dilengkapi
kertas saring berlipat. Hal ini agar endapan yang terbentuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat disaring dan nitrobenzene yang diperoleh
lebih sempurna. Setelah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disaring
diperoleh hasil 7 ml nitrobenzene dengan persen rendemen 22,76 %. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VIII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
hasil percobaan yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pembuatan senyawa organic seperti “Pembuatan Nitrobenzena” menggunakan metode
antara lain merefluks, memisahkan dengan corong pisah, ekstraksi pelarut,
mengeringkan, menyaring, dan destilasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reaksi substitusi elektrofilik aromatic
terjadi melalui pertukaran gugus bermuatan positif parsial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan salah satu atom, ion atau gugus
dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu rangkaian tertutup senyawa
aromatic. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
senyawa aromatic dan senyawa alifatik terletak pada proses reaksinya. Senyawa aromatic
cenderung bereaksi subtitusi , sedangkan senyawa alifatik cenderung bersifat
adisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IX.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berhati-hati
pada ssat menambahkan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> pekat agar terhindar bahaya;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan
sekali-kali menghirup uap nitrobenzene karena uapnya sangat beracun;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mamakai
alat pelindung diri (masker dan sarung tangan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim.
2004. <u>Nitrasi</u> <u>dari</u> <u>Benzena . </u></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.chem.is.try.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.chem.is.try.org/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
. Diakses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada tanggal 12 Mei 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim.
2004. <u>Subtitusi</u> <u>Elektrofilik</u> . </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.chem.is.try.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.chem.is.try.org/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
. Diakses pada tanggal 12 Mei 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hart,
Harold.dkk. 2003 . <u>Kimia</u> <u>Organik</u> <u>Edisi</u> <u>Kesebelas</u>.
Jakarta : Erlangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -77.95pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasyid,
Muhaedah. 2006 . <u>Kimia</u> <u>Organik</u> <u>1</u>. Makassar : Badan
Penerbit UNM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -77.95pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riswiyanto.
2009. <u>Kimia</u> <u>Organik</u> . Jakarta : Erlangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tim
Dosen Kimia . 2012 . <u>Penuntun</u> <u>Praktikum</u> <u>Kimia</u> <u>Organik</u>
<u>1</u> . Makassar : Jurusan Kimia UNM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LAMPIRAN</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JAWABAN
PERTANYAAN</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6
</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HNO<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>H2SO4</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mol
C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -13.5pt; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= 0,30 mol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mol HNO<sub>3</sub>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -10.5pt; position: relative; top: 10.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 0,60 mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat pereaksi
yang digunakan dalam perhitungan = C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> (benzene)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>HNO<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>H2SO4</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Awal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> = 0,30<sub>mol</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,60<sub> mol</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bereaksi = 0,30<sub>
mol</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,30<sub> mol</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,30<sub> mol</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,30<sub> mol</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhir<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> = </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,30<sub> mol<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>0,30<sub> mol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>0,30<sub> mol</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, kelebihan
bahan reaksi HNO<sub>3</sub> = 0,30 mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam sulfat digunakan
dalam nitrasi karena H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> sangat reaktif dan berfungsi
sebagai katalis yang dapat mempercepat terjadinya reaksi akan tetapi asam
sulfat ini tidak ikut bereaksi dan mampu memprotonkan –HNO<sub>3</sub> mrnjadi
ion<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>+</sup>NO<sub>2</sub> pada
akhir reaksi H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> kembali terbentuk asam sulfat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme reaksi nitrasi
benzene : </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">atau:</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Senyawa aromatic berbeda dengan
senyawa alifatik karena senyawa aromatic lebih cenderung bereaksi secara
subtitusi contohnya sulfonasi dan nitrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Brominasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Klorinasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>alkilasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nitrasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Sulfonasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Asilasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi yang akan
diserang bila dinitrasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenol
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>nitrasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian yang
diserang adalah orto dan para karena fenol merupakan gugus fungsi pengarah orto
dan para. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benzaldehid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian yang diserang adalah metana, karena
benzaldehid merupakan gugus fungsi pengarah meta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toluene
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian yang
diserang yaitu orto dan para karena toluene merupakan gugus fungsi pengarah
orto dan para.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak terjadi
nitrobenzene yang terjadi antara nitribenzena dengan air yang menjadi hasil
akhir. Sedangkan pada gugus –OH pada fenol akan digantikan oleh gugus NO<sub>2</sub>
yang berasal dari HNO<sub>3</sub>. Selain itu dapa suhu 5-10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">itu sangat rendah sehungga nitrobenzene
tidak dapat dibentuk.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>Shofiyyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08027778652066387861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7284607722375711009.post-55130101549294816462012-06-18T05:06:00.001-07:002012-06-18T05:06:56.405-07:00Kromatografi kolom dan kromatografi lapis tipis<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-left:56.9pt;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-indent:-20.9pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul
percobaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Kromatografi kolom dan
kromatografi lapis tipis”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
percobaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada akhir percobaan mahasiswa
harus mengerti mengenai:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik-teknik
dasar kromatografi kolom dan kromatografi lapis tipis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
dasar dari kromatografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
dasar dari pengaruh substituent terhadap substitusi elektrofil pada senyawa aromatik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Landasan
Teori</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kromatografi pertama kali diperkenalkan
oleh Michael Tswet, (1906) seorang (ahli botani dari Rusia. Dalam percobaannya,
ia berhasil memisahkan klorofil dan pigmen. Pigmen warna lain dari ekstrak
tumbuham dengan menggunakan serbuk kalsium karbonat yang diisikan kedalam kolom
kaca dan petroleum eter sebagai pelarut. Proses pemisahan itu diawali dengan
menempatkan larutan cuplikan pada permukaan atas kalsium karbonat, kemudian
dialirkan pelarut petroleum eter. Hasilnya berupa pita-pita berwarna yang
terlihat sepanjang kolom sebagai hasil pemisahan komponen-komponen dalam
ekstrak tumbuhan. Dari pita-pita berwarna tersebut muncul istilah kromatografi
yang berasal dari kata “Chroma” dan “Graphein”. Dalam bahasa yunani kedua kata
tersebut berarti “Warna” dan “Menulis” (Soebagio,2000:54).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kromatografi
adalah prinsip pemisaham campuran senyawa atas komponen-komponen berdasarkan
perbedaan kecepatan migrasi masing-masing komponen diantara dua fasa yaitu fasa
diam dan fasa gerak. Perbedaan kromatografidahan tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh
perbedaan kemampuan masing-masing komponen untuk diserap (adsorpsi) atau
perbedaan distribusi diantara dua fasa yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak saling bercampur (partisi) (Tim Dosen, 2012:39).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengertian kromatografi menyangkut metode
pemisahanyang didasarkan atas distribusi diferensial komponen sampel diantara
dua fasa. Menurut pengertian ini kromatografi selalu melibatkan dua fasa, yaitu
fasa diam dan fasa gerak. Fasa diam dapat berupa cairan yang terikat pada
permukaan padatan (kertas atau suatu adsorben) sedangkan fasa gerak dapat
berupa cairan eluen atau pelarut atau gas pembawa yang inert (Soebagio,2000:54).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemisahan yang terjadi dalam kromatografi
dilaksanakan dengan memanipulasi sedemikian rupa sifat-sifat fisik umum dari
suatu senyawa atau molekul, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kecenderungan suatu molekul untuk
larut dalam cairan ( kelarutan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Kecenderungan suatu
molekul untuk berkait dengan sutu serbuk bahan padat (absorbsi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c .Kecenderungan suatu
molekul untuk menguap (volatilitas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam kromatografi, senyawa yang akan dipisahkan
ditempatkan pada situasi dinamik (bergerak) yaitu dengan melakukan pengaliran
dan selama itu akan terjadi peristiwa pelarutan absorbsi atau penguapan
(Slamet,1989:43).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurut Asyhar (2012), ada lima
macam kromatografi, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Kromatografi
lapis tipis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
kromatografi yang menggunakan lempeng gelas atau aluminium yang dilapisi dengan
lapisan tipis alumina, silica gel, atau bahan serbuk lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.Kromatografi
penukar ion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
bidanigunakan untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>khusus kromatografi
cairan-cairan seperti namanya, system ini khusus digunakan untuk spesies ion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.Kromatografi
penyaringan gel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
proses pemisahan dengan gel yang terdiri dari modifikasi dekstran molekul
polisakarida linear yang mempunyai akatan silang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.Elektroforesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
kromatografi yang diberi medan listrik disisinya dan tegak lurus aliran fasa
gerak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.Kromatografi kertas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
kromatografi cairan-cairan dimana sebagai fasa diam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah lapisan tipis air yang diserap dari
lembab udara oleh kertas jenis fasa cair laiinnya dapat digunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kromatografi kolom merupakan teknik
kromatografi yang paling awal ditemukan dari mekanismenya, kromatografi kolom
merupakan terapan atau absobsi yang tidak boleh larut dalam fasa gerak, ukuran
partikel fasa diam harus seragam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zat
pengotor yang terdapat pada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fasa diam
dapat menyebabkan absobsi tidak reversible sebagai fasa diam digunakan alumina,
silica gel, arang, bauksit, magnesium karbonat, kalsium karbonat, talk, pati,
sekelator, gula dan tanah diatom.Fasa gerak pada kromatografi kolom dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berupa pelarut tunggal atau campuran beberapa
pelarut polar dan nonpolar. Umumnya senyawa nonpolar dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berat molekul lebih cepat meninggalkan fasa
diam (Soebagio,2000:81-82). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kromatografi kolom bertujuan untuk mengisolasi
komponen kurkumin dari campurannya. Pada kromatografi kolom ini digunakan kolom
dengan adsorben silica gel karena kolom yang dibentukdengan silica gel memiliki
tekstur dan struktur yang lebih kompak dan teratur. silika gel dalam bentuk
tetrahedral raksasa, sehingga ikatannya kuat dan rapat. Dengan demikian,
adsorben silica gel mampu menghasilkan proses pemisahan yang lebih optimal
(Asyhar,2012:diakses pada tanggal 26 april 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kromatografi lapisan tipis atau TLC seperti
halnya kromatografi kertas, murah dan mudah dilakukan. Kromatografi ini
mempunyai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu keunggulan dari segi
kecepatan dari kromatografi kertas. Proses kromatografi lapisan tipis
membutuhkan hanya setengah jam saja, sedangkan pemisahan yang umum pada kertas
membutuhkan waktu beberapa jam. TLC sangat terkenal dan rutin digunakan
diberbagai laboratorium. Media pemisahannya adalah lapisan dengan ketebalan
sekitar 0.1 sampai 0.3mm zat padat adsorben pada lempeng kaca, plastik atau
aluminium. lempeng yang paling umum digunakan berukuran delapan kali dua inci
dan zat padat yang umum digunakan adalah alumina, gel silica dan selulosa
(R.A.Day,JR,2002:551-552).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhitungan nilai Rf berdasarkan
pada jarak yang ditempuh oleh pelarut dan jarak yang ditempuh oleh bercak warna
masina-masing. Nilai Rf untuk setiap warna dihitung dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumus sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Rf = </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -8.5pt; position: relative; top: 8.5pt;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="250" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Erlenmeyer
50 ml 6 buah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipa
kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom
gelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelat
KLT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Botol
elusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Botol
semprot </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Botol
uap iodium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
ukur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spiritus, kaki tiga,
kasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statif dan Klem</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corong
pisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Termometer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapas
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Silica
gel TLC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal
iod</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
nitrat pekat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstrak
batang daun bambu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benzena</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kloroforn</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
kromatografi kolom</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyiapkan
kolom gelas yang berisi penyumbat kapas pada ujungnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan
kloroform ke dalam kolom sampai setengahnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan
campuran silica gel dan ekstrak batang daun bambu kedalam kolom yang telah
diisi kloroform sebelumnya dan membiarkannya menetes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menampung
fraksi-fraksi tetesan yang keluar dari kolom gelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengganti
gelas ukur setiap 20 ml sebanyak 6 kali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengumpulkan
fraksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan
lapis tipis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengambil
satu per satu fraksi, mulai dari gelas pertama sampai keenam, kemudian
menotolkan fraksi pada plat tipis silica gel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan
plat lapis tipis silica gel kedalam botol eluen berisi benzena</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meneteskan
noda awal, lalu mengambil plat tersebut dan mengeringkan di udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyimpan
plat kedalam botol berisi uap iodium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan
harga Rf dari noda-noda yang diperoleh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
Pengamatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Silica gel, kloroform dan ekstrak batang daun bambu dimasukkan kedalam
kolom gelas, terbentuk serbuk berwarna hijau tua kemudian menambahkan silica
gel, kloroform dan serbuk yang dibuat sebelumnya kedalam kolom gelas, terjadi
perubahan warna dan terbentuk 2 lapisan, dimana lapisan bawah adalah silica gel
yang berwarna putih dan lapisan atas berwarna hijau tua. Tetesan fraksi-fraksi
eluen yang keluar dari kolom gelas ditampung hingga 20 ml dan tetesan tersebut
berwarna hijau kehitam-hitaman. Kemudian ditambahkan lagi kloroform 10 ml
kedalam kolom gelas lalu gelas ukur atau penampung diganti yamg lain, larutan
yang dihasilkan berwarna hijau lebih muda dari hasil pertama. Hasil fraksi dari
masing-masing penampung ditotolkan pada pelat lapis tipis yaitu pada garis yang
telah dibuat sebelumnya. Kemudian pelat tersebut dimasukkan kedalam bottas bol
eluen yang telah berisi benzene dan mengukur garis pada pelat 0,5 cm dari batas
bawah pelat dan 4 cm dari garis bagian bawah yang telah dibuat, larutan benzene
mengalami penyerapan pada pelat lapis tipis hingga sebelum sampai tepat pada
garis 4 cm. kemudian iod dipanaskan dalam gelas kimia, menghasilkan uap
berwarna ungu. Gelas kimia yang berisi uap berwarna ungu, dimasukkan plat
kedalamnya, sehingga warna masing-masing noda semakin jelas dari warna
kekuning-kuningan hingga kemerah- merahan. Adapun batas noda(Rf) untuk setiap
noda:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraksi
1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>noda
1 Rfnya 0,125 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraksi
2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>noda
1 Rfnya 0,175 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fraksi 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- noda 1 Rfnya 0,125 cm </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>noda
2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rfnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>0,125 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: -56.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VI. Analisis data </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fraksi 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Noda 1 Rf = <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -10.0pt; position: relative; top: 10.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="98" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -7.5pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="40" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0,125 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Fraksi 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Noda 1 Rf =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -10.0pt; position: relative; top: 10.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="98" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -7.5pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="40" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0,175 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Fraksi 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Noda 1 Rf =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -10.0pt; position: relative; top: 10.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="98" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -7.5pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="40" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0,125 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Noda 2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rf =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -10.0pt; position: relative; top: 10.0pt;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="98" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -7.5pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="40" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">0,125 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">VII </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
Kromatografi Kolom</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan ini, campuran serbuk
yang dibuat sebelumnya dimasukkan kedalam kolom yang telah berisi penyumbat
gabus, yang telah dimasukkan ekstraknya terlebih dahulu, silica gel dan
kloroform. Kemudian dielusi lagi dengan kloroform sampai adanya fraksi, dimana
masing-masing fraksi mengandung satu komponen yang identitasnya ditentukan
dengan kromatografi lapis tipis. Peralatan kromatografi sangat sederhana. Kolom
dilengkapi dengan kran untuk mengatur aliran pelarut dan penyumbat kapas untuk
menahan fase diam. Fase diamnya yaitu silica gel dan fase geraknya kloroform.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pelaksanaan pemisahan dengan
teknik ini, pertama-tama campuran diletakkan dibagian atas kolom yang berisi
fase diam. Fase gerak kemudian dialirkan pelan-pelan dan dibiarkan mengalir
melalui kolom tersebut. Pada saat bergerak, fase gerak membawa campuran
kebawah. Karena setiap komponen dalam campuran mempunyai koefisien distribusi
yang berbeda, maka kecepatan migrasinya juga berbeda. Perbedaan kecepatan
inilah yang menyebabkan terjadinya pemisahan komponen dalam campuran. Kemudian
pelarut yang menetes atau eluen keluar dari kolom dan ditampung fraksinya.
Komponen pertama keluar dari kolom adalah komponen kurang polar, karena silica
berikatan lebih erat dengan senyawa polar, Sehingga senyawa polarnya lama
berada dalam kolom. Pelarut yang lebih polar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membawa senyawa yang kurang polar lebih cepat melintasi kolom, karena
senyawa tersebut kurang berinteraksi dengan fase yang polar dan hanya berada
dalam kolom untuk waktu yang berbeda-beda. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Pemeriksaan Lapis Tipis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berdasarkan percobaan, fraksi-fraksi yang
diperoleh ditotolkan pada plat lapis tipis, kemudian dimasukkan kedalam botol
eluen yang berisi benzene. Noda mulai bergerak sedikit demi sedikit keatas. Dari
hasil pengamatan yang diperoleh, komponen yang menempuh jarak lebih jauh
bersifat nonpolar dibanding dengan senyawa polar. Adapun Rfnya adalah: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 14.2pt 1.0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fraksi 1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>noda 1 Rfnya 0,125 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 14.2pt 1.0cm 35.45pt 42.55pt 49.65pt 70.9pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fraksi 2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>noda 1 Rfnya 0,175 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 14.2pt 1.0cm 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fraksi 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- noda 1 Rfnya 0,125 cm </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt 42.55pt 49.65pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>noda
2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rfnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>0,125 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt 42.55pt 49.65pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VIII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
dan saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi
adalah prinsip pemisahan campuran senyawa komponen-komponen berdasarkan
perbedaan kecepatan migrasi masing-masing komponen diantara dua fasa yaitu fasa
diam dan fasa gerak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemisahan
dalam hal ini yang dilakukan adalah kromatigrafi kolom dan kromatografi lapis
tipis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
kerja kromatografi adalah pemisahan campuran senyawa atas komponen berdasarkan
perbedaan kecepatan migrasi masing-masing fasa..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya
praktikan mempelajari dan memahami teori sebelum praktikum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya
praktikan memperhatikan petunjuk yang diberikan oleh asiaten agar hasil yang
diperoleh sesuai yang diinginkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arsyar.
2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kromatografi kolom dan lapis tipis</i>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<a href="http://arsyharst08.wodpress.com/">http://arsyharst08.wodpress.com</a>).
Diakses pada tanggal 26 april 2012. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Clark,
Jim. 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kromatografi lapis tipis</i> (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. <span style="color: #7f7f7f; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 128;">Chem-is-Try Org</span>).
Diakses pada tanggal 26 april 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Soebagio,
dkk. 2000. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Analitik II</i>.Malang:
JICA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sudarmadji,
Slamet, dkk.1989. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analisa Bahan Makanan
dan Pertanian</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liberti: Yogyakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim
Dosen Kimia Organik. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun
Praktikum Kimia Organik 1.</i> Makassar:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Universitas Negeri Makassar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Underwood,A.L,dkk.
2002. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Analitik Kimia Kuantitatif.
Edisi keenam</u></i>. Jakarta: Erlangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JAWABAN
PERTANYAAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urutan
kepolaran fraksi fenol dengan memperhatikan nilai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rfnya maka yang paling polar adalah o- nitro
fenol dengan harga Rf yang paling tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salah satu Saran untuk memperoleh senyawa
murni adalah melalui teknik penggunaan kromatografi adalah pelarut-pelarut yang
digunakan sebaiknya mempunyai kemurnian yang tinggi karena terdapatnya sedikit
zat pengat laiinya dapat menghasilkan kromatografi yang tidak diinginkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>Shofiyyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08027778652066387861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7284607722375711009.post-55086576763208107312012-06-18T05:01:00.000-07:002012-06-18T05:03:05.881-07:00Sikloheksanon<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul
Percobaan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
Sikloheksanon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Percobaan:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada akhir
percobaan mahasiswa diharapkan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terampil
dalam melakukan oksidasi alcohol sekunder siklik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
memahami reaksi oksidasi alcohol sekunder siklik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Landsan Teori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikloheksanon
adalah senyawa organic yang berupa cairan berminyak dan memiliki semburat
kuning untuk cahaya dan bau menyengat. Sikloheksanon memilki C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O
formula dan sedikit larut dalam air dan benar-benar larut dengan pelarut umum (Liang,
2012: Diakses pada tanggal 20 Mei 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembuatan sikloheksanon merupakan
oksidasi alcohol sekunder siklik menjadi keton siklik dengan menggunakan kalium
kromat sebagai oksidator dalam suasana asam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> +
H2O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 51.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 51.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi
optimum reaksi redoks iniyaitu pada temperature 55-60<sup>0</sup>C. Pemisahan dan pemurnian sikloheksanon dari reaksi ini dilakukan
berdasarkan sifat fisiknya (Tim Dosen Kimia Organik, 2012 : 17).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alcohol
adalah senyaw yang mempunyai gugus fungsi hidroksil yang terikat pada atom
karbon jenuh. Alcohol mempunyai rumus umum ROH, dimana R merupakan alkil, alkil
tersubstitusi, atau hidrokarbon siklik. Alcohol diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga
kelompok yaitu alcohol primer, sekunder dan tersier. Alcohol dapat dianggap
merupakan turunan dari air (H<sub>2</sub>0), dimana satu atom hidrogenya
diganti gugus alkil (Riswiyanto, 2009: 209).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkohol mempunyai rumus umum R-OH. Strukturnya
serupa dengan air, tetapi satu hidrogennya diganti dengan satu gugus alkil.
Gugus fungsi alcohol adalah gugus hidroksil,-OH. Fenol mempunyai gugus yang
sama seperti alcohol, tetapi gugus fungsi melekat langsung pada cincin aromatik
(Hart, 2009:162).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hart </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2009</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">),</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengemukakan a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lkohol
digolongkan kedalam primer (1<sup>0 </sup>), sekunder (2<sup>0</sup>), atau
tersier (3<sup>0</sup>), bergantung pada satu gugus organic yang berhubungan
dengan atom karbon pembawa gugus hidroksil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
keton ada 3 yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksidasi alkohol
sekunder </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">oksidasi</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CH3CHCH3 </i></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CH3-C-CH3
+H2O</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> I </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> II</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> OH </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">CU</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengalirkan uap alkohol (sekunder) diatas tembaga
panas.</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CH</i></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CHCH</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CH</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">3 </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CH3-C-CH2CH3+
H20</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> I Suhu tinggi</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
OH</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memanaskan garam
kalsium asam monokarboklsilat jenuh, cara ini dapat di terapkan untuk
membuatkan keton sederhana <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(R-C-R</i>)
maupun keton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
II</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> O</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">MnO</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Garam kalsium yang dipanaskan harus disesuaikan
dengan keton yang di buat. Untuk membuat sejumlah keton dapat ditempuh dengan
cara mengalirkan uap suatu asam monokarboksilat diatas katalis logam/ oksida
logam yang dipanaskan. Sebagai contoh, aseton dapat diperoleh dengan
mengalirkan uap asam asetat diatas katalis MnO.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2CH3COOH CO2+H2O+CH3-C-CH3</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> II
</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Parlan,
2003 : 168-169)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Alkohol dengan paling sedikit satu hidrogen
melekat pada karbon pembawa gugus hidroksil dapat dioksidasi menjadi
senyawa-senyawa karbonil. Alkohol primer mengahsilkan aldehida yang dapat
dioksidasi lebih lanjut menjadi asam, alcohol sekunder menghasilkan keton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H H OH</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> I Oksidator I oksidator I</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> R – C – OH R – C = O
R - C = O</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Alkohol primer aldehid asam</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> H
R </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> I Oksidator I </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> R – C – OH R – C = O </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> I</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> H</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Alcohol sekunder keton</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkohol
tersier tidak dapat dioksidasi. Oksidator yang umum digunakan di laboratorium
untuk tujuan ini adalah asam kromat, H</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CrO</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">4 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(diturunkan
dari kalium dikromat, K</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">7, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan
asam kuat), dan kromat anhidrida, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">CrO</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3
yang keduanya mengandung Cr<sup>6+</sup>. Contoh reaksi ini adalah oksidasi
sikloheksanol menjadi sikloheksanon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 31.5pt 51.45pt center 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sikloheksanol
sikloheksanon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 182.3pt center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Td 161<sup>0</sup>C td 155,6<sup>o</sup>C </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun mekanisme oksidasi cukup rumit diketahui bahwa
reaksi berlangsung melalui ester kromat dengan alkohol. Ester ini kemudian
mengalami reaksi eliminasi dengan melepaskan proton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 107.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 211.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -211.5pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">R</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">CHOH + OH – Cr – OH R – C –R – O – Cr - OH </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 211.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -211.5pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> O</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 211.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -211.5pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> R</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 211.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -211.5pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 211.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">R-C = 0 + H<sup>+ </sup>+ HcrO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">(Hart, 2009 : 173).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Salah satu reaksi alkohol yang sangat berharga adalah
reaksi oksidasi membentuk senyawa karbonil, sedangkan reduksi karbonil akan
menghasilkan alkohol oksidasi. oksidasi alkohol mengakibatkan hilangnya satu
atau lebih atom hidrogen (hidrogen- α) yang terikat pada atom karbon yang
mempunyai gugus –OH. Alkohol primer mempunyai dua hingga – α yang salah satu
atau keduanya dapat dilepaskan, sehingga alkohol primer berubah menjadi
aldehida atau asam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkohol sekunder akan di
oksidasi dengan mudah menjadi keton. Oksidasi dalam skala besar dan murah
sering menggunakan natrium dikromat dalam larutan asam asetat (Riswiyanto, 2009
: 218).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam tatanama
IUPAC, nama keton menggunakan akhiran spesifik –on sebagai pengganti dari
akhiran –a dalam nama alkan yang terkait (jumlah atom karbonnya sama). Nama
trivial untuk keton menggunakan cara seperti halnya dalam penamaan eter, yaitu
dengan menyebutakan nama gugus-gugus
yang terikat pada gugus karbonil, kemudian dengan kata keton. (Parlan, 2003 :
165-166).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
Percobaan</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan Bahan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Erlenmeyer bertutup asa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Labu destilasi 500 ml</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendingin tegak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Corong biasa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Labu alas bundar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas ukur 10 ml dan 100 ml</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Termometer 100<sup>0</sup>C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas kimia 250 ml dan 1000ml</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Corong pisah 100 ml</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaduk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">k.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Labu semprot</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">l.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaki tiga dn kasa asbes</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">m.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunsen </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">n.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Lap halus dan lap kasar</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalium bikromat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam sulfat pekat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikloheksanol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Air es</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">NaCl bersih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Petrelium eter</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Melarutkan kalium bikromat 10,2 gram dalam 50 ml air dalam gelas kimia 250
ml.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahkan dengan hati-hati 5 ml asam sulfat pekat, kemudian campurn
tersebut didinginkan sampai 30<sup>0</sup>C, kemudian memasukkan 5 ml
sikloheksanol dalam erlenmeyer 250 ml aikit dtautan kalium bikromat sedu lablam
labu tersebut, menambahkan laru alas bundar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedalam labu tersebut, menambahkan larutan kalium bikromat sedikit demi
sedikit dan labu dikocok sampai larutan bercampur dengan baik dan mengamati,
suhu campuran akan menjadi panas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila suhu mulai bersuhu 55<sup>0</sup>C, mendinginkan bagian luar labu
dengan air dingin atau air es. Pendinginan diatur agar temperatur campuran
tidak melebihi 60<sup>0</sup>C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Memindahkan campurn tersebut kedalam labu destilasi 500 ml dan menambahkan
50 ml air, kemudian dipasang pendingin untuk destilasi. Campuran didestilasi
sampai diperoleh kira-kira 65ml destilat yang terdirin reaksi dengan gar dari
dua lapisan, lapisan air dan lapisan sikloheksanon (minyak).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjenuhkan campuran reaksi dengan garam NaCl bersih sbanyak 6,5 gram,
kemudian memisahkan lapisan sikloheksanon (lapisan atas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengekstraksi lapisan air dengan 6 ml petrelium eter. Kemudian menyatukan
ekstrak dengan lapisan sikloheksanon, dan selanjutnya mengeringkan dengan 1,5
gram magnesium sulfat anhidrat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyaring larutan kering ini kedalam labu destilasi kecil, dan mengeluarkan
pelarutnya dengan cara destilasi. Akhirnya, residu sikloheksanon di destilasi
dengan bunsen diatas kasa asbes, lalu mengumpulkan fraksi didih 154-156<sup>0</sup>C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: center 7.0cm 211.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengamatan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Melarutkan kalium dikromat dalam air pada
gelas kimia 250ml. Hasil pencampuran dari 10,2 kalium dikromat yang terbentuk
serbuk berwarna orange dengan 50 ml air menghasilkan warna orange. Kemudian menambahkan
5 ml asam sulfat pekat sedikit demi sedikit. Hasil pencampuran berwarna orange.
Kemudian menambahkan 5ml sikloheksanol ke dlam erlenmeyer yang ditaruh dalam
baskom berisi air es, sehingga campuran menjadi berwarna cokelat kehitaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya mengocok campuran
dengan baik di dalam baskom yang berisi air es,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">kemudian
memasukkan kedalam labu destilasi dan memasangkan pada alat yang telah
dirangkai, sehingga terbentuk destilat pada suhu 90<sup>0</sup>C dan
mengumpulkan destilat sebanyak 32,5 ml yang terbentuk dua lapisan. Lapisan atas
berwarna kuning (minyak) dan lapisan bawah berwarna bening.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjenuhkan campuran dengan
NaCl bersih sebanyak 6,5 gr didalam corong pisah dan terbentuk dua lapisan,
lapisan atas keruh dan lapisan bawah jernih. Kemudian memisahkan kedua lapisan. Lapisan bawah dimasukkan kedalam corong pisah dan
diekstarksi dengan 6 ml petrelium eter dan terbentuk dua lapisan, lapisan atas
berwarna bening (seperti minyak) dan lapisan bawah keruh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencampurkan dengan kertas saring
dengan berat kertas saring </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">)
0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">,5 gr dan
diperoleh sikloheksanon berwarna bening sebanyak 1,5 gram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis Data </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Diketahui : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">V sikloheksanol = 5 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">ρ sikloheksanol = 0,94 g/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Mm sikloheksanol = 98 g/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>=10,2 gr</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">V H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> = 5 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">ρ H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> = 1,84 G/ ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Mm H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> = 98 g/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Mm K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7 </sub> =
294 g/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditanyakan. % rendemen ......?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa sikloheksanol = V. Ρ</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 50 ml x 0,94 g/ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 4,7 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">n sikloheksanol =</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 9pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 177.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 177.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= 0,047 mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> = Vx </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">ρ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 91.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 5 ml x 1,84 g/ml</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 9,2 gram</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 11.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 13.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= 0, 094 mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 5.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n
K2CrO7 = </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 11.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 19pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 0,035 mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
reduksi oksidasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reduksi : Cr<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2-</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> +
14 H<sup>+</sup> +6e<sup>-</sup> 2Cr<sup>3+ </sup> + 7 H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O x1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksidasi : C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">OH C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O + 2H<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>- </sup>x3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Redoks : Cr</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2-</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> +
3C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">OH
+ 8H<sup>+</sup> 2Cr<sup>3+</sup> + C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O+ 7 H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Cr<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 </span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> + 3C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O + 8H<sup>+</sup> 2Cr<sup>3+</sup> + C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O+ 7 H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mula2 :
0,035 mol 0,047 mol 0,094 mol - - -</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bereaksi: 0,01 mol 0,03 mol 0,094 mol
0,02 mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setimbang:0,02mol
0,017mol - 0,02mol 0,03mol
0,07 mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">OH(teori) = nC</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O x Mm C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= 0,047x 98gr / mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= 4, 606 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa hasil pengukuran dalam praktikum
(Massa C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O)
= 1,5 gr</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi,
massa % rendemen = </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">%
rendemen = </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 11.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> x 100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 13pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 150%;"> x </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">100%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= 32, 567 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan pembuatan sikloheksanon yang dilakukan
dengan mengoksidasi alkohol sekunder siklik menjadi keton siklik dengan
mengguankan kalium kromat sebagai oksidator dlam suasana asam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 272.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat kalium bikromat dilarutkan dengan air,
maka kalium bikromat akan terurai menjadi ion-ion Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2-</sup>
akan bereaksi dengan H<sup>+</sup> dan menghasilkan larutan berwarna orange
pekat, serta larutan terasa panas, karena H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> bersifat panas. Adapun mekanisme reaksinya sebagi
berikut:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cr<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2-</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> +
14 H<sup>+</sup> +6e<sup>-</sup> 2Cr<sup>3+ </sup> + 7 H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 272.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah penambahan H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">4,
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">larutan didiamkan
hingga suhunya mencapai 30 </span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">0</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.
Hal ini bertujuan agar pada saat penambahan kedalam sikloheksanol tidak
menghasilkan panas terlalu tinggi. Fungsi H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaitu sebagai katalisator dalam mempercepat reaksi.
Kemudian larutan ditambahkan dengan sikloheksanol. Setelah didiamkan
menghasilkan larutan cokelat kehitaman. Kenaikan suhu ini terjadi karena reaksi
oksidasi sikloheksanol menjadi keton yang merupakan reaksi eksoterm yaitu
reaksi yang melepaskan kalor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 272.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksinya sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cr<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 </span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> + 3C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O +
8H<sup>+ </sup> 2Cr<sup>3+</sup> + C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O+ 7 H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mpuran yang dimasukkan kedalam labu erlenmeyer yang telah
berisi sikloheksanol dn menghasilkan larutan hitam kehijauan. Suhu diatur
antara 50-60<sup>0</sup>C, karna bila suhunya diatas 60<sup>0</sup>C maka yang
terbentuk adalah senyawa lain bukan sikloheksanon dan apabila dibawah 50<sup>0</sup>C,
sikloheksanon belum terentuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya campuran dimasukkan kedalam
labu destilasi dan ditambahkan air, kemudian didestilasi sehingga diperoleh
32,5 ml destilat, yang terdiri dari dua lapisan. Lapisan atas sikloheksanon dan
lapisan bawah air. Hal ini sesuai dengan teori bahwa air berada pada lapisan
bawah karena memiliki massa jenis yang lebih besar daripada massa jenis
sikloheksanon yaitu ρ air 1gr/mol, sedangkan ρ sikloheksanon 0,947 gr/mol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran kemudian n juga agar sikloheksanon
dijenuhkan dengan 6,5 gram NaCl bersih yang berfungsi untuk menyempurnakan
pemisahan antara sikloheksanon dengan air dan juga agar sikloheksanon tidak
lagi bereaksi dengan unsur lain dari luar. Selain itu, larutan diekstrak
kedalam corong pisah yang berfungsi memisahkan zat berdasarkan perbedaan massa
jenis zat. Kemudian lapisan air diekstraksi dengan eter yang bertujuan untuk
memisahkan sikloheksanon dengan air, dan terbentuk dua lapisan. Hal ini
menandakan masih terdapat sikloheksanon dalam air. Untuk itu ditambahkan Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang berfungsi mengikat sisa-sisa air yang
masih terdapat dalam sikloheksanon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan teori, sikloheksanon yang
diperoleh 4,606 gram dan berdasarkan praktik diperoleh 1,5 gram dengan rendemen
32, 567 %. Mekanisme reaksinya sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cr<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">7</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> + H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">O 2K<sup>+</sup>
+ Cr<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">7</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <sup>2-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> 2H<sup>+ </sup>+ SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cr<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">7</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <sup>2-</sup> + </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2H<sup>+ </sup>2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup> </sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> + H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">..</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">..</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> +
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">CrO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> + O
- CrO<sub>2</sub></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">..</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">..</span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> +
O -
CrO<sub>2 + </sub>CrO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OH</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> + CrO<sub>2</sub><sup>- </sup>+ <sup> </sup>CrO<sub>2</sub><sup>- </sup>+ H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> +
H<sub>2</sub>O +
H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VIII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simpulan dan Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Simpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikloheksanon
dibuat dengan mengoksidasi sikoheksanol dengan menggunakan kalium bikromat
sebagai oksidatornya dalam suasana asam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
oksidasi alkohol sekunder siklik melibatkan proses pengoksidasi gugus –OH oleh
unsur oksigen dari zat oksidator K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CrO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dimana gugus –OH dan atom H yang terikat pada atom C
sekunder akan diganti oleh oksigen sehingga membentuk keton dan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikloheksanon
yang diperoleh yaitu 1,5 gram dengan rendemen 32, 567%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya
praktikan lebih berhati-hati dan teliti dalam melakukan percobaan terutama
dengan zat-zat yang berbahaya seperti asam sulfat pekat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diharapkan
praktikan memahami alat dan cara kerja yang dilakukan untuk memperoleh hasil
yang maksimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim,
2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Praktikum Kimia Organik
Laboratorium Kimia Organik Program Studi Kimia FMIPA ITB </i>( <u>http : // id.
Business-listing. Com</u>). Diakses pada tanggal 20 Mei 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hart,
Harold. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Organik</i>. Erlangga
: Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Liang,
Marvin. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sikloheksanon </i>(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.telonchem.com/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">www.telonchem.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">). Diakses pada tanggal 20 Mei 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Parlan.
2003. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Organik I</i>. Malang :
Universitas Negeri Makassar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Riswiyanto.
2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Organik</i>. Jakarta :
Erlangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tim
Dosen Kimia Organik.2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun
Praktikum Kimia Organik</i>. Makassar : Universitas Negeri Makassar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Wikipedia.
2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asam Adipat </i>( <u>http : // id.
Wikipedia. Org)</u>. Diakses pada tanggal 20 mei 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sup></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">JAWABAN
PERTANYAAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
anda menerangakan bahwa reaksi diatas adalah suatu oksidasi?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Oksidasi
(naik dari -1,67 menjadi -1,33)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi 3C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">OH+ Cr</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2-</span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> + 8H<sup>+</sup> 2Cr<sup>3+</sup> +
3C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O+
7 H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
pada pembuatan sikloheksanon ini merupakan reaksi oksidasi, karena alkohol yang
dioksidasi karena alkohol yang dioksidasi oleh CrO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">akan berikatan dengan atom C dan gugus –OH akan putus
dengan melepas H<sup>+</sup>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengapa
suhu reaksi tidak boleh diatas 60<sup>0</sup>C ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu reaksi tidak boleh diatas 60<sup>0</sup>C
karena pada suhu tersebut akan terjadi oksidasi lebih lanjut sehingga yang
terbentuk bukan keton melainkan ester.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
cara kerja diatas, jelaskan tiga macam teknik pemisahan percobaan organik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Destilasi
merupakan suatu metode pemisahan campuran atau suatu cairan dari zat padat
maupun zat campuran zat cair lainnya yang didasarkan pada perbedaan titik
didihnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstraksi
merupakan cara memisahkan zat dari campuran dengan melarutkan zat tersebut pada
pelarut yang sesuai berdasarkan perbedaan massa jenisnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filtrasi
merupakan suatu cara memisahkan zat padat dari cairan melalui saringan yang
berpori berdasarkan kecepatan melarutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>Shofiyyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08027778652066387861noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7284607722375711009.post-1212381375381250362012-06-18T04:58:00.002-07:002012-06-18T04:58:56.912-07:00Teknik Pemurnian<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JUDUL
PERCOBAAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik Pemurnian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN
PERCOBAAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada akhir percobaan mahasiswa diharapkan memahami
dan terampil dalam :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan destilasi
untuk pemisahan dan pemurnian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengkalibrasi dan
mengoreksi pembacaan thermometer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merangkai peralatan
destilasi sederhana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memisahkan campuran
azeotrop</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan
rekristalisasi dengan baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih pelarut yang
sesuai untuk rekristalisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjernihkan dan
menghilangkan warna larutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menguasai tehnik
penentuan titik leleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membaca titik leleh
pada thermometer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membedakan
campuran dari senyawa murni dari titik lelehnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LANDASAN
TEORI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 121.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam praktikum kimia sering kali
berbagai campuran zat harus dipisahkan menjadi zat murni. Cara pemisahan tersebut
dapat berupa penyaringan, dekantasi, penguapan, kristalisasi, kromatografi dan
destilasi. Prinsip destlasi adalah proses penguapan dan pengembun dari suatu
zat cair pada tekanan dan suhu tertentu. Tujuan destilasi adalah pemurnian zat
cair pada titik didihnya , dan pemisahan cairan dari zat padat atau memisahkan
zat cair dari campuran zat cair lainnya yang mempunyai titik didih yang
berbeda. Rekristalisasi yaitu cara memurnikan zat padat organic yang paling
efektif umumnya dengan melrutkannya dalam suatu pelarut yang cocok sekitar
titik didihnya. Titik leleh sustu senyawa adalah suhu dimana senyawa tersebut
mulai meleleh sampai seluruhnya meleleh. Senyawa-senyawa murni suhunya hamper
tetap selama meleleh atau disebut tititk leleh yang tajam, misalnya 127,5-128</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="6" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C atau 180-181</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="6" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C,sedangkan untuk cuplikan yang sama tetapi
tidak murni akan meleleh 123-126</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="6" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C atau 178-180</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="6" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C.Pengotoran yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan
titik leleh ini mungkin sekali suatu bahan berbentuk resin yang tidak mudah
diidentifikasi atau senyawa lain yang mempunyai titik leleh lebih rendah atau
lebih tinggi dari senyawa utamanya.Kriteria kemurnian sustu zat adalah titik
lelehnya yang tajam. Disamping itu, kita mempunyai senyawa-senyawa baku, maka
dapat ditentukan titik lelehnya, kemudian senyawa yang tidak diketahui dicampur
dengan senyawa baku, lau titik lelelh ditentukan lagi. Bila titik leleh
campuran sama dengan titik leleh senyawa baku, maka berarti senyawa yang tidak
diketahui itu sama dengan senyawa baku tersebut (Tim Dosen Kimia Organik, 2012:
3-4).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 121.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rekristalisasi adalah teknik pemurnian
zat padat dari pencemaran yang dilakukan dengan cara mengkristalkan kembali zat
tersebut setelah dilarutkan dalam pelarut yang sesuai. Prinsip dasar dari
proses ini adalah perbedaan kelarutan antara zat yang dimurniakan dengan zat
pencemarannya. Rekristalisasi merupakan salah satu cara pemurnian zat padat
yang jamak digunakan, dimana zat-zat padat tersebut dilarutkan dalam suatu
pelarut kemudian dikristalkan kembali. Cara ini bergantung pada kelarutan zat
dalam pelarut tertentu dikala suhu diperbesar. Karena konsentrasi total
impurity biasa lebih kecil dari konsentrasi zat yang dimurnikan, bila dingin,
maka konsentrasi impurity yang rendah tetapi dalam larutan sementara produk
yang berkonsentrasi tinggi akan mengendap. Teknik pemurnian adalah destilasi,
destilasi adalah metode pemisahan dua cairan atau lebih yang didasarkan pada
perbedaan titik didihnya umumnya destilasi menyangkut cairan dari gas dimana
perbedaan tekanan uap diambil sebagai keuntungan untuk memishkan materi
tersebut. Distilasi adalah proses pemisahan yang berdasarkan pemisahan titik
didih dari komponen-komponen yang dipisahkan. Distilasi yang sering digunakan
dalam proses isolasi komponen, pemekatan larutan, dan juga pemurnian komponen
cair. Penentuan titik leleh filtrate yang diperoleh dari tahap pertama, digerus
sampai halus. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memperkecil atau memperhalus ukuran Kristal
agar dapat dimasukkan dalam tabung kapiler. Pipa kapiler harus dimasukkan
kedalam alat ukur titik leleh yang melting-block. Mengatur melting-block dengan
memulainya suhu terendah (annisanfushie 2008 ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rekristalisasi
adalah teknik pemurnian zat padat dari pencemaran yang telah dilakukan dengan
cara mengkristalkan kembali atau pelepasan pelarut dari zat terlarutnya dalam
sebuah campuran homogen atau larutan. Destilasi adalah suatu metode pemisahan
dua campuran atau dua cairan atau lebih yang didasarkan pada perbedaan titik
didihnya. Jenis-jenis destilasi ada beberapa yaitu destilasi sederhana,
destilasi terfraksi, destilasi vacuum dan destilasi uap (Anonim, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar
pemisahan pada destilasi adalah perbedaan titik didih cairan pada tekanan
tertentu. Pemisahan dengan destilasi melibatkan penguapan diferensial dari
suatu campuran cairan diikuti dengan penampungan material yang menguap dengan
cara pendinginan dan pengembunan. Pemisahan dengan destilasi berbeda dengan
cara penguapan. Pemisahan dengan cara destilasi semua komponen yang terdapat
didalam campuran bersifat mudah menguap (volatil). Tingkat penguapan
(volatilitas) masing-masing komponen yang berbeda-beda pada suhu yang sama. Hal
ini akan berakibat bahwa pada suhu tertentu uap yang dihasilkan dari suatu
campuran cairan akan selalu mengandung lebih banyak ompenen yang kurang volatif
jadi sifat yang demikian ini akan terjadi sebaliknya, yakni pada suhu tertentu
fasa cairan akan lebih banyak mengandung komponen yang kurang volatile. Jadi
cairan yang setimbang dengan uapnya pada suhu tertentu memiliki komposisi
berbeda. Uap selalu lebih banyak mengandung komponen volatil yang berbeda.
Pemisahan secara destilasi berbeda dengan pemisahan penguapan. Pada pemisahan
dengan cara penguapan komponen volatil dipisahkan dari komponen yang non
volatil, karena proses pemanasan. Sebagai contoh: pemisahan penguapan dapat
digunakan untuk memisahkan air dari larutan NaCl berair, sedang pemisahan
dengan cara destilasi digunakan untuk memisahkan campuran alcohol dan air untuk
itu, sebagai contoh adalah pemurnian alcohol, pemisahan minyak bumi menjadi
fraksi-fraksinya, pembuatan minyak astiri dan sebagainya. (Soebagio, 2003: 24)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah
pertama dalam pemurnian minyak bumi biasanya adalah destilasi (penyulingan).
Minyak mentah dipanaskan sampai sekitar 400<sup>0</sup>C, dan uapnya naik ke
kolom fraksinasi yang tinggi. Fraksi bertitik didih lebih rendah naik lebih
cepat dan lebih tinggi dalam kolom sebelum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengembun menjadi cairan, fraksi bertitik didih lebih tinggi dikertak
(cracked) oleh kalor dan katalis (terutama silica dan alumina), menghasilkan
produk dengan rantai karbon yang lebih pendek dan karenanya titik didihnya
lebih rendah. (Hart, 2003: 115)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
dari cair menjadi padat disebut pembekuan, dan proses kebalika disebut
pelelehan atau peleburan. Titik leleh suatu padatan (atau titik bekku suatu
cairan) adalah suhu pada saat fasa padat dan cair berada dalam kesetimbangan.
Titik leleh normal (titik beku normal) suatu zat adalah titik leleh (titik
beku) yang diukur pada tekanan 1 atm. Biasanya kita menghilangkan kata “normal”
dalam merujuk titik leleh zat pada tekanan 1 atm. Kesetimbangan cair-padat yang
sangat dikenal adalah kesetimbanagn air dan es. Pada 0<sup>0</sup>C dan 1 atm,
kesetimbangan dinamis tersebut dinyatakan dengan : es setimbang air. Ilustrasi
praktis dari kesetimbangan dinamis tersebut dinyatakn diberikan oleh segelas
air es. Ketika es balok meleleh menjadi air, sebagian air diantara balok es
dapat membeku, sehingga balok-balok es tersebut bergabung. Hal ini bukan
merupakan kesetimbangan dinamis yang sesungguhnya, karena gelas tidak dijaga
pada 0<sup>0</sup>C semua balok es akhirnya meleleh seluruhnya. Energy
(biasanya dalam kilojoule) yang dibutuhkan untuk melarutkan atau melehkan 1 mol
padatan disebut kalor peleburan molar. (Chang, 2003: 3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METODE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Labu destilasi 500ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondensor tegak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corong Buchner</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Erlenmeyer 125 dan 250
ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Labu isap 150 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembakar spiritus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasa asbes dan kaki
tiga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengaduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas ukur 10ml, 25 ml
dan 100ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjepit tabung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melting point</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thermometer
310</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="6" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C dan 100 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="6" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Botol semprot</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Statif dan klem</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">p.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas piala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam salisilat (C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urea (CO(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -90.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etanol (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batu didih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam benzoate (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Norit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air (H<sub>2</sub>O)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROSEDUR
KERJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Destilasi biasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasang peralatan
destilasi biasa dengan memasang labu bundar 500 mL yang diklem dan disimpan di
atas kawat kasa dan pembakar Bunsen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melengkapi ujung
kondensor dengan adaptor dan penampung gelas ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengalirkan air
pendingin, mengalirkan aliran air dari bawah ke atas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukka campuran
etanol-air ke dalam labu yang jumlahnya maksimum setengah volume labu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahkan beberapa
butir batu didih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memulai melakukan
pemanasan dengan api yang diatur perlahan naik sampai mendidih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur pemanasan
supaya destilat menetes secara teratur dengan kecepatan satu tetes perdetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencatat suhu dan
volume destilat secara teratur setiap interval waktu tertentu (setiap 5 menit).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rekristalisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menempatkan 1 gram
Kristal (asam) dan 5 mL air dalam Erlenmeyer 125 mL</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggoncang campuran
tersebut, meletakkan di atas pembakar kecil sampai mendidih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahkan setiap kali
5 mL air ambil menggoncang sampai Kristal tepat larut dengan beberapa jumlah
air yang diperlukan. Menambahkan air sampai volume 25 mL</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan norit 1-2%
dari berat asam, mendidihkan sambil diaduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menuangkan/menyaring ke
atas corong Buchner yang sudah dilengkapi labu isap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memindahkan hasil
saringan tersebut ke dalam Erlenmeyer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membiarkan mendingin
hingga mengkristal, kalau pada suhu kamar belum terbentuk Kristal, kita dapat
melakukan pendinginan dalam air es.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyaring Kristal yang
terbentuk dengan corong biasa yang dilengkapi dengan kertas saring, lalu
mengeringkannya di oven.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan titik leleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menimbang zat yang akan
ditentukan titik lelehnya yaitu urea dan asam benzoate dengan perbandingan 1:1,
4:1, dan 1:4</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan zat yang
telah ditimbang dan zat yang tidak diketahui kedalam pipa kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasang tabung kapiler
yang sudah berisi zat dalam lubang khusus pada blok logam atau dengan cara
menempelkannya ada thermometer (kedudukan zat tepat pada kolom Hg) untuk
penentuan menggunakan alat thiele.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL
PENGAMATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Destilasi Biasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume
destilasi kurang lebih 125 ml, pada tetsan pertama destilat yaitu terjadi pada
suhui 80</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="23" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="404" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="408" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rekristalisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
benzoat yang dimasukkan dalam Erlenmeyer ditambah air menghasilkan campuran
yang tak berwarna tapi tampak keruh. Campuran dididihkan hingga tidak
mengkristal lagi, dimasukkan norit hingga mendidih sampai diaduk, campuran
dihasilkan berwarna hitam. Setelah mendidih larutan disaring pada corong
Buchner hingga terpisah antara norit dan larutan Kristal . Hasil saringan
disaring didinginkan hingga membentuk endapan hasil saringan disaring lagi,
dilapisi dengan kertas watman hingga terbentuk serbuk warna putih, dikeringkan
pada oven dan diperoleh Kristal 0,3 gram yang berwarna putih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="97" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="464" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penenentuan Titik Leleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menutup
salah satu ujung pipa kapiler melalui pemanasan kecil pada api, ujung pipa kapiler
tertutuup. Urea dicampurkan dengan asam salisilat dengan perbandingan 1:4, 4:1
dan 1:1. Campuran diaduk dan dimasukkan ke dalam pipa kapiler yang telah berisi
zat tidak diketahui. Memindahkan zat ke lubang yang tertutup pada pipa kapiler,
kemudian menutup kembali ujung pipa kapiler melalui pemanasan kecil. Memasukkan
pipa kapiler ke dalam alat thiele dan mengamati suhu zat sampai meleleh. Titik
leleh zat tidak diketahui I : 128-162<sup>0</sup>C. titih leleh zat yang tidak
diketahui II : 148-160<sup>0</sup>C. titik leleh zat perbandingan 1:1 : 190-238<sup>0</sup>C.
titik leleh zat perbandingan 1:4 : 238-250<sup>0</sup>C. titik leleh zat
perbandingan 4:1 : 240-244<sup>0</sup>C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISIS
DATA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan titik leleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat
X</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik awal meleleh<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 120 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ttitk meleleh sempurna <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 125 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trayek titik leleh <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: titik meleleh seluruhnya – Titik
awal meleleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">125
° C - 120 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: 5 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urea
: Asam salisilat <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 1 : 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik awal meleleh<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 130 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ttitk meleleh sempurna <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 134 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trayek titik leleh <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: titik meleleh seluruhnya – Titik
awal meleleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">134
° C - 130 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: 4 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urea
: Asam salisilat <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 1 : 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik awal meleleh<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 137 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ttitk meleleh sempurna <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 139 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trayek titik leleh <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: titik meleleh seluruhnya – Titik
awal meleleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">139
° C - 137° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: 2 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urea
: Asam salisilat <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 4 : 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik awal meleleh<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 134 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ttitk meleleh sempurna <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 142 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trayek titik leleh <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: titik meleleh seluruhnya – Titik
awal meleleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">142
° C - 134 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
8 ° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendemen Rekristalisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dik:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Massa Teori C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 1 g</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
Praktek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH:
0,3 g</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dit: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rendemen………….?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 78.0pt 3.0cm 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendemen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -10.5pt; position: relative; top: 10.5pt;"><img height="33" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="84" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100
%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 78.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-text-raise: -10.0pt; position: relative; top: 10.0pt;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="24" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>x </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">100 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Destilasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
percobaan ini, Etanol ditambahkan dengan air yang dipisahkan atau dimurnikan
dengan menggunakan kondensor yang berfungsi mendinginkan hasil destilat yang
merupakan uapa panas senhingga berubah menjadi wujud cair. Destilat yang
merupakan cairan murni yang keluar pada ujung kondensor menandakankan bahwa
etanol yang terpisah dengan air paada kondensor, aliran air pendingin diarahkan
dari bawaah membuat pendingin lebih aktif sehingga dapat lebih cepat mengembun
uap. Pada proses destilasi, selelu dilakukan penambahan batu didih yang
bertujuan untuk mengurangi letupan akibat pemanasan. Adapun air dan etanol
susah dipisahkan. Pertama karena warnanya yang sama dan gugus hidroksil OH<sup>-</sup>
pada etanol dapat membentuk ikatan hydrogen dengan air., pada proses pemanasan
yang dilakukan, destilat pertama menetes pada suhu 80 ° C. Hal ini menunjukkan
destilat pertama diperoleh adalah alkohol murni suhu campuran etanol dan air
tidak boleh melebihi 90 ° C Sampai 100 ° C karena pada suhu tersebut, destilat
yang diperoleh sudah bukan alcohol murni. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan, volume
keseluruhan destilat yang diperoleh selama 5 menit yang ke 20 yaitu 125 mL. hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>airdestilat yang
diperoleh tdk hanya berupa etanol namun sudah terdapat karena seharusnya etanol
kurang sedikit darri 125 mL. Hal ini juga dikarenakan etan9ol menguapa pada
suhu 78-79 ° C pada percobaan menit terakhir penguapan terjadi pada suhu 89° C
sehingga air juga ikut menguap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rekristalisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rekristalisasi adalah suatu tehnik
pemurnian zat cair dari campurannya dengan cara mengkristalkan kembali zat
tersebut setelah dilarutkan dalam pelarut yang cocok. Pada percobaan ini,
pertama-tama memasukkan 1 g Kristal asam benzoate, 5 mL air ke dalam elenmeyer.
Air disini berfungsi untuk mearutka asam bensoat karena air merupakan senyawa
polar dan asam benzoate juga merupakan senyawa polar sehingga asam benzoate
dapat dilarutkan dalam air. Setelah itu, dipanaska hingga medidih, saat
pemanasan ditambahkan sedikit demi sedikit aquades agar asam asam tersebut
cepat larut atau bercampur secar homogen. Kemudian, ditambahkan lagi air sampai
volume 25 mL, dan masukkan 1-2% norit dari berat asam. Norit berfungsi untuk
mengikat kotoran pada larutan, hal ini disebabkan norit merupakan arang aktiv
sebagai bahan penyerap air karena mempunyai partikel-partikel yang besar.
Kemudian larutan yang masih panas disaring dengan corong Buchner yang
dilengkapi kertas saring whatman dan labu isap. Larutan disaring panas agar
tidak terjadi pengkristalan pada kertas saring. Corong Buchner diguakan karena
corong Buchner tersebut terbuat dari porselin yang tahan panas sehingga jika
larutan disaring panas tidak panas tidak akan terjadi kerusakan pada corong,
selain itu ukuran corong yang relative besar dari corong biasa dan dapat
dilengkapi dengan labu isap sehingga dapat mempercepat proses penyaringan.
Setelah Kristal terbentuk segera disimpan di dalam Erlenmeyer dan didiamkan
selama beberapa menit didalam air es hingga Kristal yang terbentuk makin
banyak. Kristal yang dihasilkan kemudian dibakar dalam oven menghasilkan
Kristal sebnyak 0,3 g. Hal ini menandakan Kristal yang direkristalisasi ini
lebih murni. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan titik leleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada percobaan ini akan ditentukan
titik leleh suatu larutan yaitu dengan menentukan suhu yang diperoleh pada saat
larutan tersebut mulai meleleh dan meleleh seluruhnya. Pada percobaa ini, akan
dilakukan dua percobaan yaitu zat campuran dan zat yang tidak diketahui.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada percobaan ini, membuat campuran
urea dengan asam salisilat dengan perbandingan 1:4, 1:1, 4:1. Mengusahakan
campuran homogen. Menotolkan tabung kapiler yang sudah di bakar salah satu
ujungnya agar tabung kapiler tertutup sehingga campuran tidak keluar. Kemudian
disimpan pada alat thiele yang dipasang pada thermometer lalu dipanaskan untuk
menentukan titik lelehnya. Dari hasil pengamatan diperoleh bahea titik leleh
urea dengan asam salisilat dengan perbandingan 1:4, 1:1, 4:1 adalah 48<sup>0</sup>C,
12<sup>0</sup>C dan 4<sup>0</sup>C dengan trayek lelehnya yang cukup besar dan
senyawa ini termasuk senyawa campuran dalam trayek lelehnya yaitu 1<sup>0</sup>C
ke atas. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan teori.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat yang tidak
diketahui</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
percobaan ini, zat yang tidak diketahui dimasukkan ke dalam tabung kapiler lalu
dipanaskan agar zat tersebut tidak keluar. Tabung kapiler dipanaskan dan
diletakkan pada alat thiele. Hasil yang diperoleh pada saat zat tak
diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mulai meleleh seluruhnya yaitu
125<sup>0</sup>C. Dari hasil tersebut diketahui zat titik lelehnya disekitar
itu adalah asam benzoat. Menurut teori asam benzoate memiliki titik leleh yaitu
121,5° C - 122° C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VIII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Destilat pertama
campuran etanol air diperoleh pada suhu 80° C, hasil destilat diperoleh
sebanyak 125 mL.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rekristalisasi
merupakan teknik pemisahan campuran dan pengotor dengan cara
mengkristalisasikan kembali pelarutnya.. Rendemen yang diperoleh yaitu 30 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air adalah pelarut yang
baik untuk rekristalisasi karena merupakan senyawa polar dan kekuatan
melarutnya tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik leleh adalah suhu
dimana senyawa mulai melelh sampai melelh seluruhnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik leleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urea
: Asam Benzoat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
: 1 = 130° C - 134° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
: 4 =137° C - 139° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
: 1 = 134° C - 142° C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik leleh zat X yang
diperoleh yaitu 120° C - 125° C dan berdasarkan titik leleh X tersebut zat X
adalah asam benzoat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Praktikan sebaiknya menguasai teori
mengenai percobaan sebelum praktikum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Praktikan sebaiknya benar-benar focus
pada percobaan yang dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Praktikan harus teliti dalam mengamati
suhu pada thermometer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anonim. 2012.<u><span style="color: #3333cc;">http
://community.Um.Ac.Id/showthhread. Php?73931_Rekristalisasi-Destilasi</span></u>
diakses pada tanggal 6 Mei 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #3333cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Annifushie.wordpres.com/2008/12/16/Pemisahan-pemurnian
zat-padat-rekristalisasi-titik-leleh/</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> diakses pada 6
Mei 2021</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chang,
Raymond. 2003. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Dasar Edisi Ketiga.</i>
Jakarta : Erlangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hart,
dkk. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Organik</i>. Jakarta :
Erlangga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Soebagio, dkk. 2003. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Analitik II</i>. Malang : INSTE.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim Dosen Kimia Organik. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Organik 1</i>.
Makassar : Jurusan Kimia FMipa UNM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">JAWABAN PERTANYAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Grafik
titik didih terhadap volume destilat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 127.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="294" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CFauzan%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image016.jpg" width="168" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Azeotrop biner adalah
suatu campuran yang sangat sulit untuk dipisahkan sehingga dibutuhkan senyawa
lain untuk dapat memutus ikatan azeotrop dengan bantuan tekanan yang tinggi.
Cara membedakannya dalam percobaan tidak dapat dijelaskan karena destilasi azeotrop
tidak dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam destilasi uap,
uap yang keluar setelah kontak dengan bahan yang didestilasi merupakan campuran
uap dari masing-masing komponen sebanding dengan volumenya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat yang harus
dipunyai oleh suatu pelarut dalam rekristalisasi ialah pelarut yang dipilih
dapat melarutkan zat yang akan dimurnikan dalam keadaan panas, bersifat polar,
titik didihnya rendah, dan tidak bereaksi dengan zat yang dilarutkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lima urutan kerja
rekristalisasi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memilih pelarut yang
cocok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melarutkan senyawa ke
dalam pelarut panas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendinginan filtrate</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyaringan dan
pendinginan Kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prisip
dasar dari rekristalisasi adalah perbedaan kelarutan untuk zat yang akan
dimurnikan dengan zat pencemarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua
alasan penyaringan dengan labu isap adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
memperoleh Kristal yang lebih banyak dan lebih murni</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
pengotor tidak ikut pada Kristal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penentuan
titik leleh</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 512px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="229">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa </span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Campuran</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Titik Leleh</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trayek Leleh</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="167">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="167">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam Salisilat</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urea</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1:1</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">130-134</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="167">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam Salisilat</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urea</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1:4</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">137-139</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="167">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam Salisilat</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urea</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4:1</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">134-142</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik leleh zat yang
diberikan asisten yaitu 121,5<sup>0</sup>C-122<sup>0</sup>C , zat ini merupakan
senyawa murni yang trayek titik lelehnya 5<sup>0</sup>C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat tak diketahui yaitu
asam benzoat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -85.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Shofiyyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08027778652066387861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7284607722375711009.post-81710199607884261192012-05-17T07:07:00.001-07:002012-05-17T07:07:32.628-07:00Kimia dalam IslamIlmu kimia merupakan sumbangan penting yang telah diwariskan para
kimiawan Muslim di abad keemasan bagi peradaban modern. Para ilmuwan dan
sejarah Barat pun mengakui bahwa dasar-dasar ilmu kimia modern
diletakkan para kimiawan Muslim. Tak heran, bila dunia menabalkan
kimiawan Muslim bernama Jabir Ibnu Hayyan sebagai 'Bapak Kimia
Modern'."Para kimiawan Muslim adalah pendiri ilmu kimia," cetus Ilmuwan
berkebangsaan Jerman di abad ke-18 M. Tanpa tedeng aling-aling, <strong>Will Durant</strong> dalam <span style="color: red;">The Story of Civilization IV: The Age of Faith</span>, juga mengakui bahwa para kimiawan Muslim di zaman kekhalifahanlah yang meletakkan fondasi ilmu kimia modern.<br /> <br />
Menurut
Durant, kimia merupakan ilmu yang hampir seluruhnya diciptakan oleh
peradaban Islam. "Dalam bidang ini (kimia), peradaban Yunani (seperti
kita ketahui) hanya sebatas melahirkan hipotesis yang samar-samar,"
ungkapnya.<br /><br />Sedangkan, peradaban Islam, papar dia, telah
memperkenalkan observasi yang tepat, eksperimen yang terkontrol, serta
catatan atau dokumen yang begitu teliti.Tak hanya itu, sejarah mencatat
bahwa peradaban Islam di era kejayaan telah melakukan revolusi dalam
bidang kimia.<br /><br />Kimiawan Muslim telah mengubah teori-teori ilmu
kimia menjadi sebuah industri yang penting bagi peradaban dunia. Dengan
memanfaatkan ilmu kimia, Ilmuwan Islam di zaman kegemilangan telah
berhasil menghasilkan sederet produk dan penemuan yang sangat dirasakan
manfaatnya hingga kini.<br /><br />Berkat revolusi sains yang digelorakan
para kimiawan Muslim-lah, dunia mengenal berbagai industri serta zat dan
senyawa kimia penting. Adalah fakta tak terbantahkan bahwa alkohol,
nitrat, asam sulfur, nitrat silver, dan potasium--senyawa penting dalam
kehidupan manusia modern--merupakan penemuan para kimiawan Muslim.
Revolusi ilmu kimia yang dilakukan para kimiawan Muslim di abad kejayaan
juga telah melahirkan teknik-teknik sublimasi, kristalisasi, dan
distilasi. Dengan menguasai teknik-teknik itulah, peradaban Islam
akhirnya mampu membidani kelahiran sederet industri penting bagi umat
manusia, seperti industri farmasi, tekstil, perminyakan, kesehatan,
makanan dan minuman, perhiasan, hingga militer.<br /><br />Pencapaian yang sangat fenomenal itu merupakan buah karya dan dedikasi para ilmuwan seperti <strong>Jabir Ibnu Hayyan, Al-Razi, Al-Majriti, Al-Biruni, Ibnu Sina</strong>,
dan masih banyak yang lainnya. Setiap kimiawan Muslim itu telah memberi
sumbangan yang berbeda-beda bagi pengembangan ilmu kimia. <strong>Jabir (721 M-815 M)</strong>,
misalnya, telah memperkenalkan eksperimen atau percobaan kimia. Ia
bekerja keras mengelaborasi kimia di sebuah laboratorium dengan
serangkaian eksperimen. Salah satu ciri khas eksperimen yang
dilakukannya bersifat kuantitatif. Ilmuwan Muslim berjuluk 'Bapak Kimia
Modern' itu juga tercatat sebagai penemu sederet proses kimia, seperti
penyulingan/distilasi, kristalisasi, kalnasi, dan sublimasi.<br /><br />Sang
ilmuwan yang dikenal di Barat dengan sebutan 'Geber' itu pun tercatat
berhasil menciptakan instrumen pemotong, pelebur, dan pengkristal.
Selain itu, dia pun mampu menyempurnakan proses dasar sublimasi,
penguapan, pencairan, kristalisasi, pembuatan kapur, penyulingan,
pencelupan, dan pemurnian.Berkat jasanya pula, teori oksidasi-reduksi
yang begitu terkenal dalam ilmu kimia terungkap. Senyawa atau zat
penting seperti asam klorida, asam nitrat, asam sitrat, dan asam asetat
lahir dari hasil penelitian dan pemikiran Jabir. Ia pun sukses melakukan
distilasi alkohol. Salah satu pencapaian penting lainnya dalam
merevolusi kimia adalah mendirikan industri parfum.<br />
Ilmuwan Muslim lainnya yang berjasa melakukan revolusi dalam ilmu kimia adalah <strong>Al-Razi (lahir 866 M)</strong>. Dalam karyanya berjudul, <span style="color: red;">Secret of Secret</span>,
Al-Razi mampu membuat klasifikasi zat alam yang sangat bermanfaat. Ia
membagi zat yang ada di alam menjadi tiga, yakni zat keduniawian,
tumbuhan, dan zat binatang. Soda serta oksida timah merupakan hasil
kreasinya.Al-Razi pun tercatat mampu membangun dan mengembangkan
laboratorium kimia bernuansa modern. Ia menggunakan lebih dari 20
peralatan laboratorium pada saat itu. Dia juga menjelaskan
eksperimen-eksperimen yang dilakukannya. "Al-Razi merupakan ilmuwan
pelopor yang menciptakan laboratorium modern," ungkap Anawati dan Hill.<br /><br />Bahkan,
peralatan laboratorium yang digunakannya pada zaman itu masih tetap
dipakai hingga sekarang. "Kontribusi yang diberikan Al-Razi dalam ilmu
kimia sungguh luar biasa penting," cetus Erick John Holmyard (1990)
dalam bukunya, <span style="color: red;">Alchemy</span>. Berkat Al-Razi pula industri farmakologi muncul di dunia.<br /><br />Sosok kimiawan Muslim lainnya yang tak kalah populer adalah <strong>Al-Majriti (950 M-1007 M)</strong>.
Ilmuwan Muslim asal Madrid, Spanyol, ini berhasil menulis buku kimia
bertajuk, Rutbat Al-Hakim. Dalam kitab itu, dia memaparkan rumus dan
tata cara pemurnian logam mulia. Dia juga tercatat sebagai ilmuwan
pertama yang membuktikan prinsip-prinsip kekekalan masa --yang delapan
abad berikutnya dikembangkan kimiawan Barat bernama Lavoisier.<br /><br />Sejarah
peradaban Islam pun merekam kontribusi Al-Biruni (wafat 1051 M) dalam
bidang kimia dan farmakologi. Dalam Kitab Al-Saydalah (Kitab
Obat-obatan), dia menjelaskan secara detail pengetahuan tentang
obat-obatan. Selain itu, ia juga menegaskan pentingnya peran farmasi dan
fungsinya. Begitulah, para kimiawan Muslim di era kekhalifahan berperan
melakukan revolusi dalam ilmu kimia.Shofiyyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08027778652066387861noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7284607722375711009.post-31675835830349931862012-05-02T04:27:00.000-07:002012-05-02T04:27:23.367-07:00Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Laju Reaksi<h1 class="entry-title"></h1><div style="float: left;"> <strong>Faktor yang Mem</strong><strong>p</strong><strong>engaruhi</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Kecepatan Reaksi</strong><strong> – </strong>Perubahan <a href="http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/kimia-kelas-xi/hubungan-kuantitatif-pereaksi-dan-hasil/" title="Hubungan Kuantitatif Pereaksi dan Hasil">konsentrasi pereaksi</a> per satuan waktu dapat dimanipulasi agar lebih cepat atau lebih lambat, bahkan reaksi dihentikan. Untuk melakukan manipulasi kecepatan reaksi, Anda perlu mengetahui faktor-faktor apa yang dapat memengaruhi kecepatan sutau reaksi. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah konsentrasi pereaksi, luas permukaan zat-zat yang bereaksi, suhu reaksi, dan katalisator.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>1</strong><strong>. Pengaruh molaritas terhadap laju reaksi</strong><br />
Pada pembahasan sebelumnya, kalian telah belajar faktor ukuran partikel zat padat yang berpengaruh terhadap laju reaksi. Jika yang direaksikan dalam larutan, maka faktor yang mempengaruhi laju reaksi adalah molaritas. Suatu larutan dengan molaritas tinggi tentu mengandung molekul-molekul yang lebih rapat dibandingkan dengan <a href="http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/kimia-kelas-xii/molalitas-dan-fraksi-mol/" title="Molalitas dan Fraksi mol">molaritas</a> larutan rendah. Larutan dengan molaritas tinggi merupakan larutan pekat dan larutan dengan molaritas rendah merupakan larutan encer. Pada larutan pekat, letak molekulnya rapat sehingga sering terjadi tumbukan dibandingkan dengan larutan encer. Itulah sebabnya, jika molaritas larutan yang direaksikan semakin besar, maka laju reaksinya juga semakin besar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>2</strong><strong>. Pengaruh ukuran partikel terhadap <a href="http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/kimia-kelas-xi/pengertian-kecepatan-reaksi/" title="Pengertian Kecepatan Reaksi">laju reaksi</a></strong><br />
Dengan semakin kecil ukuran suatu materi, maka mengandung arti memperluas permukaan sentuh materi tersebut. Bayangkan. Jika kalian mempunyai benda berbentuk kubus dengan ukuran rusuk panjang, lebar, dan tinggi sama, yaitu 1 cm. Berapa luas permukaan kubus tersebut? Secara matematika dapat dihitung bahwa luas permukaan kubus sebesar 6 kali luas sisinya. Karena kubus mempunyai 6 sisi yang sama, maka jumlah luas permukaannya adalah 6 × 1 cm × 1 cm = 6 cm<sup>2</sup>. Sekarang jika kubus tersebut dipotong sehingga menjadi 8 buah kubus yang sama besar, maka keempat kubus akan mempunyai panjang, lebar, dan tinggi masing-masing 0,5 cm. Luas permukaan untuk sebuah kubus menjadi 6 × 0,5 cm × 0,5 cm = 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup>. Jumlah luas permukaan kubus menjadi 8 × 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup> = 12 cm<sup>2</sup>. Jadi, dengan memperkecil ukuran kubus, maka luas permukaan total menjadi semakin banyak. Hitunglah jika kubus diperkecil menjadi kubus-kubus yang lebih kecil sehingga ukuran rusuknya menjadi 1 mm.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>3</strong><strong>. Pengaruh suhu terhadap laju reaksi</strong><br />
Pernahkah kalian minum es teh? Mengapa es teh dibuat dari air teh panas ditambah gula baru kemudian diberi es batu? Mengapa tidak dari air teh dingin baru ditambah gula? Jika kalian tanyakan hal itu kepada penjual es teh tentu akan dijawab bahwa gula akan lebih cepat larut dalam air panas dibandingkan dengan air dingin, mengapa? Demikian halnya dengan reaksi kimia. Reaksi kimia cenderung berlangsung lebih cepat pada suhu yang lebih tinggi. Demikian pula sebaliknya, kita juga bisa memperlambat reaksi dengan menurunkan suhu. Misal proses pembusukan makanan atau buah-buahan dapat diperlambat dengan mendinginkannya di lemari es atau freezer. Mengapa dengan semakin tinggi suhu, laju reaksi semakin cepat? Suhu mempunyai hubungan linear dengan gerakan molekul. Jika suhu semakin tinggi, maka molekul-molekul dalam materi akan semakin cepat bergerak. Akibatnya frekuensi terjadinya tumbukan semakin besar. Hal ini dapat mempercepat laju reaksi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>4. Pengaruh Katalis terhadap laju reaksi</strong><br />
Katalisator merupakan zat yang mampu mempengaruhi laju reaksi. Dalam kerjanya katalisator akan ikut bereaksi dengan zat-zat reaktan, tetapi diakhir proses reaksi katalisator tersebut akan memisah kembali. Katalis ada dua macam, yaitu katalis yang bersifat positif dan katalis negatif. Katalis bersifat positif dapat mempercepat laju reaksi. Katalis bersifat negatif merupakan katalisator yang memperlambat laju reaksi, katalisator ini dinamakan inhibitor.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Diagram energi aktivasi reaksi dengan atau tanpa katalis" class="aligncenter" height="308" src="http://budisma.web.id/wp-content/uploads/media/faktor-yang-mempengaruhi-laju-reaksi/image1.jpg" style="display: inline;" title="Diagram energi aktivasi reaksi dengan atau tanpa katalis" width="382" /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Gambar 3.12 Diagram energi aktivasi reaksi dengan atau tanpa katalis.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Adanya katalis positif dalam reaksi kimia mengakibatkan energi aktivasi reaksi semakin kecil. Dengan demikian, kemungkinan terjadinya reaksi semakin besar. Bayangkan jika kalian ingin menuju suatu tempat yang dihalangi sebuah gunung. Jalan yang satu harus mendaki gunung, sedangkan jalan yang lain melewati terowongan yang menembus gunung, mana yang lebih cepat? Jalan yang harus mendaki gunung digambarkan sebagai jalan tanpa katalis, sedangkan jalan melalui terowongan adalah jalan dengan katalis. Dalam hal initerowongan merupakan suatu katalis.</div>Shofiyyahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08027778652066387861noreply@blogger.com0